Art & Drawing

Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline

Wylie C. Hembree, Peggy T. Cohen‐Kettenis, Louis Gooren +7 more · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · 2017 · 2,205 citations

This guideline synthesizes evidence on hormone therapy for gender affirmation in adolescents and adults, providing recommendations for safe and effective regimens to align physical characteristics with one's affirmed gender, while emphasizing multidisciplinary care and careful monitoring for anyone considering self-experimentation with hormones.

Pediatric Obesity—Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline

Dennis M. Styne, Silva Arslanian, Ellen L. Connor +4 more · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · 2017 · 1,253 citations

This clinical practice guideline synthesises evidence from systematic reviews and individual studies to recommend that pediatric obesity be diagnosed using BMI percentiles, prevented through family-centred lifestyle changes (≥20–60 minutes of vigorous activity daily, limited screen time, healthy sleep patterns), and treated with intensive lifestyle modification first, reserving pharmacotherapy for those who fail lifestyle changes and bariatric surgery only for mature adolescents with extreme obesity (BMI >40 kg/m² or >35 kg/m² with severe comorbidities).

Augmented Reality Learning Experiences: Survey of Prototype Design and Evaluation

Marc Ericson C. Santos, Angie Chen, Takafumi Taketomi +3 more · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · 2014 · 459 citations

Augmented reality (AR) learning experiences produce a moderate average improvement in student test performance (effect size = 0.56) compared to traditional instruction, but results vary wildly from small negative effects to very large positive effects depending on how the AR is designed and what subject is being taught.

Behaviour change techniques: the development and evaluation of a taxonomic method for reporting and describing behaviour change interventions (a suite of five studies involving consensus methods, randomised controlled trials and analysis of qualitative data)

Susan Michie, Caroline E Wood, Marie Johnston +3 more · Health Technology Assessment · 2015 · 687 citations

This 3-year project produced a standardised "menu" of 93 named behaviour change techniques (BCTs) — things like goal-setting, self-monitoring, and social support — that anyone designing or analysing a behaviour change intervention can use as a shared vocabulary; knowing which specific techniques an intervention contains is the first step toward figuring out what actually works. ---

Connecting Through Technology During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Avoiding “Zoom Fatigue”

Brenda K. Wiederhold · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · 2020 · 503 citations

This editorial and narrative review synthesises early evidence that videoconferencing causes a distinct form of mental fatigue—"Zoom fatigue"—driven by excessive close-up eye contact, constant self-view, reduced mobility, and higher cognitive load from processing non-verbal cues without normal body language, and suggests that taking audio-only breaks and reducing on-screen face size can mitigate this exhaustion.

Does Music Training Enhance Literacy Skills? A Meta-Analysis

Reyna L. Gordon, Hilda M. Fehd, Bruce D. McCandliss · Frontiers in Psychology · 2015 · 240 citations

Music training produces a small but reliable improvement in phonological awareness (the ability to hear and manipulate sounds in words) in children, equivalent to about a 0.2 standard deviation gain, but does not reliably improve reading fluency; the effect on rhyming skills grows stronger with more hours of practice.

Shades of Grey: Guidelines for Working with the Grey Literature in Systematic Reviews for Management and Organizational Studies

Richard Adams, Palie Smart, Anne Sigismund Huff · International Journal of Management Reviews · 2016 · 929 citations

Abstract This paper suggests how the ‘grey literature’, the diverse and heterogeneous body of material that is made public outside, and not subject to, traditional academic peer‐review processes, can be used to increase the relevance and impact of management and organization studies (MOS). The authors clarify the possibilities by reviewing 140 systematic reviews published in academic and practitioner outlets to answer the following three questions: (i) Why is grey literature excluded from/included in systematic reviews in MOS? (ii) What types of grey material have been included in systematic reviews since guidelines for practice were first established in this discipline? (iii) How is the grey literature treated currently to advance management and organization scholarship and knowledge? This investigation updates previous guidelines for more inclusive systematic reviews that respond to criticisms of current review practices and the needs of evidence‐based management.

2015 Updated Method Guideline for Systematic Reviews in the Cochrane Back and Neck Group

Andrea D Furlan, Antti Malmivaara, Roger Chou +5 more · Spine · 2015 · 697 citations

STUDY DESIGN: Method guideline for systematic reviews of trials of interventions for neck and back pain, and related spinal disorders. OBJECTIVE: To help authors design, conduct, and report systematic reviews of trials in this field. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In 1997, the Cochrane Back Review Group editorial board published the Method Guideline for Systematic Reviews, which was updated in 2003 and in 2009. Since then, new methodological evidence has emerged and standards have changed, therefore it was clear that revisions were needed to the 2009 guideline. In May 2015 the group changed its name to Cochrane Back and Neck. METHODS: The editorial board met in September 2014 to review the relevant new methodological evidence and determine how it should be incorporated. Members of the advisory board were consulted. Based on the feedback received, an updated method guideline was prepared and approved by the editorial board. RESULTS: We have updated recommendations in 7 categories: objectives, literature search, selection criteria, risk of bias assessment, data extraction, data analysis, and reporting of results and conclusions. Each category is classified into minimum criteria (mandatory) and further guidance (optional). This update also includes some new guidance for preparation of summary of finding tables and for conducting nonintervention reviews. CONCLUSION: Citations of previous versions of the method guideline in published scientific articles (1193 in total) suggest that others may find this guideline useful to plan, conduct, or evaluate systematic reviews in the field of back and neck pain, and spinal disorders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A.

Effects of problem-based learning: a meta-analysis

Filip Dochy, Mien Segers, Piet Van den Bossche +1 more · Learning and Instruction · 2003 · 1,675 citations

Effects of Second Language Pronunciation Teaching Revisited: A Proposed Measurement Framework and Meta‐Analysis

Kazuya Saito, Luke Plonsky · Language Learning · 2019 · 255 citations

We propose a new framework for conceptualizing measures of instructed second language (L2) pronunciation performance according to three sets of parameters: (a) the constructs (focused on global vs. specific aspects of pronunciation), (b) the scoring method (human raters vs. acoustic analyses), and (c) the type of knowledge elicited (controlled vs. spontaneous). Adopting this model (Framework for L2 Pronunciation Measurement) as a synthetic tool, we coded the instruments found in 77 studies of L2 pronunciation teaching published between 1982 and 2017. We calculated the frequency of each measurement type and reexamined the interaction of instructional effectiveness and measurement within the sample. According to the results, instruction is most effective when it targets learners’ monitored production of specific segmental or suprasegmental features. The efficacy of instruction remains relatively unclear when gains are measured globally via subjective, human judgments, especially at a spontaneous level. Open Practices This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. All materials are publicly accessible via the IRIS database at https://www.iris-database.org . Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki .

SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python

Pauli Virtanen, Ralf Gommers, Travis E. Oliphant +97 more · Nature Methods · 2020 · 37,180 citations

SciPy is an open-source scientific computing library for the Python programming language. Since its initial release in 2001, SciPy has become a de facto standard for leveraging scientific algorithms in Python, with over 600 unique code contributors, thousands of dependent packages, over 100,000 dependent repositories and millions of downloads per year. In this work, we provide an overview of the capabilities and development practices of SciPy 1.0 and highlight some recent technical developments.

2010 International consensus algorithm for the diagnosis, therapy and management of hereditary angioedema

Tom Bowen, Marco Cicardi, Henriette Farkas +57 more · Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology · 2010 · 613 citations

BACKGROUND: We published the Canadian 2003 International Consensus Algorithm for the Diagnosis, Therapy, and Management of Hereditary Angioedema (HAE; C1 inhibitor [C1-INH] deficiency) and updated this as Hereditary angioedema: a current state-of-the-art review: Canadian Hungarian 2007 International Consensus Algorithm for the Diagnosis, Therapy, and Management of Hereditary Angioedema. OBJECTIVE: To update the International Consensus Algorithm for the Diagnosis, Therapy and Management of Hereditary Angioedema (circa 2010). METHODS: The Canadian Hereditary Angioedema Network (CHAEN)/Réseau Canadien d'angioédème héréditaire (RCAH) http://www.haecanada.com and cosponsors University of Calgary and the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (with an unrestricted educational grant from CSL Behring) held our third Conference May 15th to 16th, 2010 in Toronto Canada to update our consensus approach. The Consensus document was reviewed at the meeting and then circulated for review. RESULTS: This manuscript is the 2010 International Consensus Algorithm for the Diagnosis, Therapy and Management of Hereditary Angioedema that resulted from that conference. CONCLUSIONS: Consensus approach is only an interim guide to a complex disorder such as HAE and should be replaced as soon as possible with large phase III and IV clinical trials, meta analyses, and using data base registry validation of approaches including quality of life and cost benefit analyses, followed by large head-to-head clinical trials and then evidence-based guidelines and standards for HAE disease management.

Opinion Paper: “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy

Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Nir Kshetri, Laurie Hughes +70 more · International Journal of Information Management · 2023 · 3,487 citations

This opinion paper synthesises perspectives from 43 experts across 13 fields to map the opportunities, risks, and research gaps of generative AI like ChatGPT — concluding that while the technology can boost productivity in banking, hospitality, and marketing, it also introduces unresolved threats around bias, misinformation, privacy, and the erosion of human judgment, with no consensus on whether regulation is needed.

ERA5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications

Joaquín Muñoz‐Sabater, Emanuel Dutra, Anna Agustí‐Panareda +14 more · Earth system science data · 2021 · 4,469 citations

Abstract. Framed within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) of the European Commission, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is producing an enhanced global dataset for the land component of the fifth generation of European ReAnalysis (ERA5), hereafter referred to as ERA5-Land. Once completed, the period covered will span from 1950 to the present, with continuous updates to support land monitoring applications. ERA5-Land describes the evolution of the water and energy cycles over land in a consistent manner over the production period, which, among others, could be used to analyse trends and anomalies. This is achieved through global high-resolution numerical integrations of the ECMWF land surface model driven by the downscaled meteorological forcing from the ERA5 climate reanalysis, including an elevation correction for the thermodynamic near-surface state. ERA5-Land shares with ERA5 most of the parameterizations that guarantees the use of the state-of-the-art land surface modelling applied to numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. A main advantage of ERA5-Land compared to ERA5 and the older ERA-Interim is the horizontal resolution, which is enhanced globally to 9 km compared to 31 km (ERA5) or 80 km (ERA-Interim), whereas the temporal resolution is hourly as in ERA5. Evaluation against independent in situ observations and global model or satellite-based reference datasets shows the added value of ERA5-Land in the description of the hydrological cycle, in particular with enhanced soil moisture and lake description, and an overall better agreement of river discharge estimations with available observations. However, ERA5-Land snow depth fields present a mixed performance when compared to those of ERA5, depending on geographical location and altitude. The description of the energy cycle shows comparable results with ERA5. Nevertheless, ERA5-Land reduces the global averaged root mean square error of the skin temperature, taking as reference MODIS data, mainly due to the contribution of coastal points where spatial resolution is important. Since January 2020, the ERA5-Land period available has extended from January 1981 to the near present, with a 2- to 3-month delay with respect to real time. The segment prior to 1981 is in production, aiming for a release of the whole dataset in summer/autumn 2021. The high spatial and temporal resolution of ERA5-Land, its extended period, and the consistency of the fields produced makes it a valuable dataset to support hydrological studies, to initialize NWP and climate models, and to support diverse applications dealing with water resource, land, and environmental management. The full ERA5-Land hourly (Muñoz-Sabater, 2019a) and monthly (Muñoz-Sabater, 2019b) averaged datasets presented in this paper are available through the C3S Climate Data Store at https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.e2161bac and https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.68d2bb30, respectively.

Large language models encode clinical knowledge

Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu +29 more · Nature · 2023 · 2,987 citations

Abstract Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities, but the bar for clinical applications is high. Attempts to assess the clinical knowledge of models typically rely on automated evaluations based on limited benchmarks. Here, to address these limitations, we present MultiMedQA, a benchmark combining six existing medical question answering datasets spanning professional medicine, research and consumer queries and a new dataset of medical questions searched online, HealthSearchQA. We propose a human evaluation framework for model answers along multiple axes including factuality, comprehension, reasoning, possible harm and bias. In addition, we evaluate Pathways Language Model 1 (PaLM, a 540-billion parameter LLM) and its instruction-tuned variant, Flan-PaLM 2 on MultiMedQA. Using a combination of prompting strategies, Flan-PaLM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on every MultiMedQA multiple-choice dataset (MedQA 3 , MedMCQA 4 , PubMedQA 5 and Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) clinical topics 6 ), including 67.6% accuracy on MedQA (US Medical Licensing Exam-style questions), surpassing the prior state of the art by more than 17%. However, human evaluation reveals key gaps. To resolve this, we introduce instruction prompt tuning, a parameter-efficient approach for aligning LLMs to new domains using a few exemplars. The resulting model, Med-PaLM, performs encouragingly, but remains inferior to clinicians. We show that comprehension, knowledge recall and reasoning improve with model scale and instruction prompt tuning, suggesting the potential utility of LLMs in medicine. Our human evaluations reveal limitations of today’s models, reinforcing the importance of both evaluation frameworks and method development in creating safe, helpful LLMs for clinical applications.

Artificial Intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy

Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Laurie Hughes, Elvira Ismagilova +32 more · International Journal of Information Management · 2019 · 3,908 citations

This is a multidisciplinary expert commentary, not an empirical study—it synthesises opinions from 22 contributors across academia, industry, and government to map the opportunities, challenges, and research agenda for AI across business, government, and science, concluding that AI will transform industries but faces critical barriers in trust, regulation, data quality, and workforce displacement.

What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education

Ahmed Tlili, Boulus Shehata, Michael Agyemang Adarkwah +4 more · Smart Learning Environments · 2023 · 1,547 citations

Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies have been progressing constantly and being more visible in different aspects of our lives. One recent phenomenon is ChatGPT, a chatbot with a conversational artificial intelligence interface that was developed by OpenAI. As one of the most advanced artificial intelligence applications, ChatGPT has drawn much public attention across the globe. In this regard, this study examines ChatGPT in education, among early adopters, through a qualitative instrumental case study. Conducted in three stages, the first stage of the study reveals that the public discourse in social media is generally positive and there is enthusiasm regarding its use in educational settings. However, there are also voices who are approaching cautiously using ChatGPT in educational settings. The second stage of the study examines the case of ChatGPT through lenses of educational transformation, response quality, usefulness, personality and emotion, and ethics. In the third and final stage of the study, the investigation of user experiences through ten educational scenarios revealed various issues, including cheating, honesty and truthfulness of ChatGPT, privacy misleading, and manipulation. The findings of this study provide several research directions that should be considered to ensure a safe and responsible adoption of chatbots, specifically ChatGPT, in education.

European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012): The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts) * Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR)

Authors/Task Force Members:, Joep Perk, Guy De Backer +84 more · European Heart Journal · 2012 · 8,514 citations

This is not a single experiment but a clinical practice guideline that synthesises decades of evidence to recommend specific targets for blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg), LDL cholesterol (<1.8 mmol/L for very high-risk individuals), and lifestyle behaviours (150+ minutes of moderate aerobic activity per week) to reduce cardiovascular disease risk, with the strongest effect sizes coming from smoking cessation (risk reduction of ~50% within one year) and statin therapy (LDL reduction of ~1.8 mmol/L reduces major vascular events by ~22% over five years).

Online University Teaching During and After the Covid-19 Crisis: Refocusing Teacher Presence and Learning Activity

Chrysi Rapanta, Luca Botturi, Peter Goodyear +2 more · Postdigital Science and Education · 2020 · 2,034 citations

The Covid-19 pandemic has raised significant challenges for the higher education community worldwide. A particular challenge has been the urgent and unexpected request for previously face-to-face university courses to be taught online. Online teaching and learning imply a certain pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), mainly related to designing and organising for better learning experiences and creating distinctive learning environments, with the help of digital technologies. With this article, we provide some expert insights into this online-learning-related PCK, with the goal of helping non-expert university teachers (i.e. those who have little experience with online learning) to navigate in these challenging times. Our findings point at the design of learning activities with certain characteristics, the combination of three types of presence (social, cognitive and facilitatory) and the need for adapting assessment to the new learning requirements. We end with a reflection on how responding to a crisis (as best we can) may precipitate enhanced teaching and learning practices in the postdigital era.

Mindfulness-Based Childbirth and Parenting Education: Promoting Family Mindfulness During the Perinatal Period

Larissa G. Duncan, Nancy Bardacke · Journal of Child and Family Studies · 2009 · 346 citations

We present the conceptual and empirical foundation and curriculum content of the Mindfulness-Based Childbirth and Parenting (MBCP) program and the results of a pilot study of n = 27 pregnant women participating in MBCP during their third trimester of pregnancy. MBCP is a formal adaptation of the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program and was developed and refined over the course of 11 years of clinical practice with 59 groups of expectant couples. MBCP is designed to promote family health and well-being through the practice of mindfulness during pregnancy, childbirth, and early parenting. Quantitative results from the current study include statistically significant increases in mindfulness and positive affect, and decreases in pregnancy anxiety, depression, and negative affect from pre- to post-test (p < .05). Effect sizes for changes in key hypothesized intervention mediators were large (d > .70), suggesting that MBCP is achieving its intended effects on maternal well-being during pregnancy. Qualitative reports from participants expand upon the quantitative findings, with the majority of participants reporting perceived benefits of using mindfulness practices during the perinatal period and early parenting. Our future research will involve conducting a randomized controlled trial of MBCP to test effects on psychophysiological stress mechanisms and to examine effects on birth outcomes, family relationship quality, and child development outcomes.

2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee

Sharon L. Kolasinski, Tuhina Neogi, Marc C. Hochberg +29 more · Arthritis & Rheumatology · 2020 · 1,877 citations

This clinical practice guideline, based on a systematic review of the evidence, strongly recommends exercise, weight loss (for knee/hip OA), self-management programs, tai chi, cane use, and specific NSAID therapies for osteoarthritis, while conditionally recommending yoga, acupuncture, cognitive behavioral therapy, and several other interventions — providing a ranked, evidence-based toolkit for anyone managing OA symptoms.

Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock, 2012

R.P. Dellinger, Mitchell M. Levy, Andrew Rhodes +20 more · Intensive Care Medicine · 2013 · 7,331 citations

A guide to using the Theoretical Domains Framework of behaviour change to investigate implementation problems

Lou Atkins, Jill Francis, Rafat Islam +9 more · Implementation Science · 2017 · 3,886 citations

BACKGROUND: Implementing new practices requires changes in the behaviour of relevant actors, and this is facilitated by understanding of the determinants of current and desired behaviours. The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) was developed by a collaboration of behavioural scientists and implementation researchers who identified theories relevant to implementation and grouped constructs from these theories into domains. The collaboration aimed to provide a comprehensive, theory-informed approach to identify determinants of behaviour. The first version was published in 2005, and a subsequent version following a validation exercise was published in 2012. This guide offers practical guidance for those who wish to apply the TDF to assess implementation problems and support intervention design. It presents a brief rationale for using a theoretical approach to investigate and address implementation problems, summarises the TDF and its development, and describes how to apply the TDF to achieve implementation objectives. Examples from the implementation research literature are presented to illustrate relevant methods and practical considerations. METHODS: Researchers from Canada, the UK and Australia attended a 3-day meeting in December 2012 to build an international collaboration among researchers and decision-makers interested in the advancing use of the TDF. The participants were experienced in using the TDF to assess implementation problems, design interventions, and/or understand change processes. This guide is an output of the meeting and also draws on the authors' collective experience. Examples from the implementation research literature judged by authors to be representative of specific applications of the TDF are included in this guide. RESULTS: We explain and illustrate methods, with a focus on qualitative approaches, for selecting and specifying target behaviours key to implementation, selecting the study design, deciding the sampling strategy, developing study materials, collecting and analysing data, and reporting findings of TDF-based studies. Areas for development include methods for triangulating data, e.g. from interviews, questionnaires and observation and methods for designing interventions based on TDF-based problem analysis. CONCLUSIONS: We offer this guide to the implementation community to assist in the application of the TDF to achieve implementation objectives. Benefits of using the TDF include the provision of a theoretical basis for implementation studies, good coverage of potential reasons for slow diffusion of evidence into practice and a method for progressing from theory-based investigation to intervention.

2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation

Hugh Calkins, Gerhard Hindricks, Riccardo Cappato +57 more · Heart Rhythm · 2017 · 2,701 citations

This expert consensus statement synthesises evidence from hundreds of studies to define when catheter or surgical ablation is appropriate for atrial fibrillation (AF), reporting that ablation is superior to antiarrhythmic drug therapy for maintaining sinus rhythm in paroxysmal AF (approximately 70–80% success at 1 year vs. 30–50% with drugs), but the statement is a clinical guideline, not a single experiment, so it cannot prove causation for any individual outcome.

Machine learning and deep learning

Christian Janiesch, Patrick Zschech, Kai Heinrich · Electronic Markets · 2021 · 2,409 citations

Abstract Today, intelligent systems that offer artificial intelligence capabilities often rely on machine learning. Machine learning describes the capacity of systems to learn from problem-specific training data to automate the process of analytical model building and solve associated tasks. Deep learning is a machine learning concept based on artificial neural networks. For many applications, deep learning models outperform shallow machine learning models and traditional data analysis approaches. In this article, we summarize the fundamentals of machine learning and deep learning to generate a broader understanding of the methodical underpinning of current intelligent systems. In particular, we provide a conceptual distinction between relevant terms and concepts, explain the process of automated analytical model building through machine learning and deep learning, and discuss the challenges that arise when implementing such intelligent systems in the field of electronic markets and networked business. These naturally go beyond technological aspects and highlight issues in human-machine interaction and artificial intelligence servitization.

Setting a Research Agenda for Simulation-Based Healthcare Education

S. Barry Issenberg, Charlotte Ringsted, Doris Østergaard +1 more · Simulation in Healthcare The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare · 2011 · 131 citations

Although the use of simulation as a methodology for learning continues to grow at a rapid pace throughout all of the healthcare professions and disciplines, research in this field is still at an early stage. Increasingly, decision makers and stakeholders must see evidence that the use of such a methodology leads to desired and demonstrable learning outcomes. These include the assurance that simulation may serve as a complement and in some cases a substitute for clinical experience in improving the quality and safety of patient care. Research will be a key factor in advancing the field of simulation to the benefit of patients and healthcare professionals. The simulation community needs an improved understanding of conceptual issues and evidence for their effectiveness to guide simulation use in optimizing the interplay of healthcare professionals, technology, organizational systems, and patients. This recognition extends beyond those educators in the simulation community. In a recent publication summarizing the findings of a task force that identified priorities for medical education research based on their perceived national importance, feasibility, fundability, and amenability for multi-institutional research,1 the no. 1 research issue to emerge was to study the impact of medical school simulation learning on residents' performance. Within the simulation community, there have already been several initiatives involving systematic literature reviews, task forces, committees, and summits whose goal was to identify a research agenda for the use of simulation for learning.2–8 Leadership from the Society in Europe for Simulation Applied to Medicine and Society for Simulation in Healthcare (SSH) sought to further these efforts with a special emphasis to include broad international, multidisciplinary, and interprofessional representation. The Utstein Style Meeting process that has proven successful for catalyzing international, multidisciplinary, and interprofessional research in emergency medicine was adopted for a simulation expert meeting.9,10 The organizers of this meeting recognized that the field of simulation is broad and considered a range of research categories including research about simulation (eg, learning effectiveness and methods, engineering of anatomy and physiology, theoretical frameworks on simulation, and sociological investigation) and research using simulation (eg, human factors oriented investigation, incident analysis, and usability studies).11 While the organizers chose to focus on research related to simulation-based healthcare education, they recognized that in some instances research using simulation to study other factors (eg, using simulation to study the effects of fatigue on human performance) will be used to inform the educational focus. Within the educational domain, the overall goals were to (1) identify the state of the art of educational simulation-based research; (2) identify future directions for educational simulation-based research with headline topics and research questions; and (3) identify methodological issues when conducting educational simulation-based research and provide guidelines on reporting and publishing this research. This effort complements the SSH simulation research summit that took place in January 2011 in conjunction with the International Meeting on Simulation in Healthcare. This report has two sections: a summary of the process to develop a research agenda and a research agenda with proposed research questions. PROCESS TO DEVELOP SIMULATION RESEARCH AGENDA—UTSTEIN STYLE MEETING Selection of Participants For the selection of participants in the meeting, the aim was to build on existing collaborations and experience of simulation research experts with international, multidisciplinary, and multiprofessional representation. The organizers chose individuals with a strong research record, experience in participating in collaborative projects, and who represented key target stakeholder groups, reflecting a diversity of professional (eg, nursing, medicine, and psychology) and geographical backgrounds (eg, Europe, North America). Because the “traditional” size of Utstein Style Meetings is approximately 20 participants, and as this has proven to be a good balance between representativeness and effectiveness, a total of 20 participants (in addition to the four organizers) were invited to take part (Table 1).Table 1: Summary of Participants in the Utstein MeetingPreparation of the Utstein Style Meeting The meeting organizers, consisting of the authors of this article, planned the meeting and its structure. A deliberate decision was made to work with the knowledge and expertise represented in the group by collecting it in an inductive process so that the topics and their priorities would be developed during the meeting. However, it was recognized that collection and synthesis of prior knowledge were important elements to inform the meeting. Consequently, participants were requested to send in recommendations for five references seen as important for the theme of the Utstein Style Meeting (Appendix). Process of the Utstein Style Meeting The meeting took place in June 2010 in Copenhagen, Denmark, and began with an informal evening gathering to build an open, constructive, and trustful working relationship. Day 1—Introduction and Plenum Presentations On day 1, the meeting began with an outline about the idea of the Utstein Style Meetings in general and of this specific one. Two plenum presentations sketched the state-of-the-art and the open questions in simulation-based educational research (noting that much of the research is not grounded in a theory) and presented a model outlining the concepts and challenges in theory-based educational simulation research. The model includes a core—the conceptual, theoretical framework—that is basic to any research approach and a rough clustering of research approaches in four main categories: exploratory studies (qualitative studies, psychometric studies, and descriptive studies), experimental studies (randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies), observational studies (cohort, case-control, and associational studies), and translational studies (reviews and effect studies).12 This framework was used to guide the discussions during the meeting. Day 1—Discussion Rounds The groups were arranged to maximize the variety of expertise and, during each round, were facilitated by one of the authors. Discussion points were recorded on flip charts or using the electronic format and projection. In the first round, discussions followed a modified nominal group process.13 Each participant reflected on general topic areas that “we need to know more about” in regard to education, research, and simulation. In an iterative process, each participant suggested a new topic until no new aspects emerged. The contributions of each group were presented and collected in plenum, allowing for clarifying questions by the other groups. During this session, the organizers independently began grouping each of the topics into different themes as they were discussed. During the subsequent break period, the organizers synthesized their notes and agreed that three major themes emerged: (1) instructional design, (2) outcome measures, and (3) translational research. (Based on the charge to the Utstein Meeting and the agreed relevance of the topic, a fourth group was also formed to specifically address guidelines for reporting research on simulation and education. This report does not include the results of the fourth group as that will appear elsewhere.) In the next round, the groups discussed research problems within the topic in an open group discussion and reported the results back to the plenum. Day 2—Discussion Rounds At the beginning of day 2, the discussion round aimed to present a general outline of research questions for each topic. After that session, members of each group rotated to “critique,” “enlarge,” and “challenge” the findings of another group while two persons of each group stayed. In the following session, the original groups reconvened and refined the research questions along the challenges and newly developed ideas. Those refined research questions were subsequently presented in plenum and each briefly discussed. Day 2—Final Plenum In a final step, the plenum reflected on the implications of the discussions for formulating a general research agenda for educational simulation research and opportunities for greater international collaboration. The authors have synthesized and built upon the literature and the experts' contributions from the Utstein Style Meeting to present a research agenda relating to the three overall themes—Instructional Design, Outcome Measures, and Translational Research (Table 2).Table 2: Research Questions Grouped According to Three Main Themes of Utstein Style Meeting on SimulationTable 2: (Continued)RESEARCH AGENDA WITH PROPOSED RESEARCH QUESTIONS Instructional Design Deliberation by participants resulted in several topic questions they felt would provide focus and priority in the simulation research community. To facilitate grouping of the questions and to illustrate their interdependencies, an hourglass was chosen to represent this conceptually. Research related to learning theories and/or conceptual frameworks was placed at the top. At the next level down (neck of the hourglass), those research questions were placed that relate to resource requirements and systems challenges that often impact the theoretical application of simulation. At the bottom of the hourglass were research questions related to simulation program implementation that take into account the theoretical framework with the local resource challenges within a complex healthcare system. Learning Acquisition, Retention of Skills, and Cognitive Load It is recognized that there is a range of simulation modalities available to choose which may address similar learning outcomes. Studies grounded in context-based learning can provide guidance on the level of authenticity required for a particular competency.14 While there is ample evidence from the literature that the optimal use of a single modality such as mannequin-based simulation may lead to long-term retention of resuscitation skills and central venous catheter insertion skills,15,16 it has yet to be demonstrated whether these and other outcomes can be achieved with different, often less costly and more flexible, simulation modalities such as virtual patients or hybrid task trainers with standardized patients. The intended purpose of researching this topic is not to show superiority of one modality over another. The intent is to provide evidence for a range of options with the expectation that individual simulation programs will possess (or choose) at least a single modality that can be used to achieve a desired outcome. Additional research may identify features unique to a particular modality and its use that impact acquisition and retention of skills (eg, availability of and the two there has been work in and in the of learning that can inform the of simulation systems and in which they and have features related to the learning and of skills as with complex with (eg, benefit from that the and the For a of several be with a range of that would be to be in a of or This is in to a of with (eg, a to for a challenges be to so the is not Research Acquisition, Retention of Skills, and Cognitive Load theories of learning and inform the of simulation (eg, and deliberate theories of inform the and of simulation and based on the of required for to and different simulation modalities and their use and is recognition on the of in simulation and as a there have been a range of reported in the during simulation and discussed in or discussion Research focus on the optimal approach to achieve desired and learning outcomes. In research efforts be guidance to which and Research the of that lead to is the optimal use of of during the (eg, of the and selection of to be the in outcomes between and or to a particular clinical and level (eg, simulation-based research studies include some of the These include their level of knowledge and and However, is about learning and often of the existing studies include or who there will be to no to their overall or based on their performance. 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Students’ voices on generative AI: perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education

Cecilia Ka Yuk Chan, Wenjie Hu · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · 2023 · 1,687 citations

Abstract This study explores university students’ perceptions of generative AI (GenAI) technologies, such as ChatGPT, in higher education, focusing on familiarity, their willingness to engage, potential benefits and challenges, and effective integration. A survey of 399 undergraduate and postgraduate students from various disciplines in Hong Kong revealed a generally positive attitude towards GenAI in teaching and learning. Students recognized the potential for personalized learning support, writing and brainstorming assistance, and research and analysis capabilities. However, concerns about accuracy, privacy, ethical issues, and the impact on personal development, career prospects, and societal values were also expressed. According to John Biggs’ 3P model, student perceptions significantly influence learning approaches and outcomes. By understanding students’ perceptions, educators and policymakers can tailor GenAI technologies to address needs and concerns while promoting effective learning outcomes. Insights from this study can inform policy development around the integration of GenAI technologies into higher education. By understanding students’ perceptions and addressing their concerns, policymakers can create well-informed guidelines and strategies for the responsible and effective implementation of GenAI tools, ultimately enhancing teaching and learning experiences in higher education.

Deep learning modelling techniques: current progress, applications, advantages, and challenges

Shams Forruque Ahmed, Md. Sakib Bin Alam, Maruf Hassan +6 more · Artificial Intelligence Review · 2023 · 923 citations

Abstract Deep learning (DL) is revolutionizing evidence-based decision-making techniques that can be applied across various sectors. Specifically, it possesses the ability to utilize two or more levels of non-linear feature transformation of the given data via representation learning in order to overcome limitations posed by large datasets. As a multidisciplinary field that is still in its nascent phase, articles that survey DL architectures encompassing the full scope of the field are rather limited. Thus, this paper comprehensively reviews the state-of-art DL modelling techniques and provides insights into their advantages and challenges. It was found that many of the models exhibit a highly domain-specific efficiency and could be trained by two or more methods. However, training DL models can be very time-consuming, expensive, and requires huge samples for better accuracy. Since DL is also susceptible to deception and misclassification and tends to get stuck on local minima, improved optimization of parameters is required to create more robust models. Regardless, DL has already been leading to groundbreaking results in the healthcare, education, security, commercial, industrial, as well as government sectors. Some models, like the convolutional neural network (CNN), generative adversarial networks (GAN), recurrent neural network (RNN), recursive neural networks, and autoencoders, are frequently used, while the potential of other models remains widely unexplored. Pertinently, hybrid conventional DL architectures have the capacity to overcome the challenges experienced by conventional models. Considering that capsule architectures may dominate future DL models, this work aimed to compile information for stakeholders involved in the development and use of DL models in the contemporary world.

Text Data Augmentation for Deep Learning

Connor Shorten, Taghi M. Khoshgoftaar, Borko Furht · Journal Of Big Data · 2021 · 1,665 citations

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is one of the most captivating applications of Deep Learning. In this survey, we consider how the Data Augmentation training strategy can aid in its development. We begin with the major motifs of Data Augmentation summarized into strengthening local decision boundaries, brute force training, causality and counterfactual examples, and the distinction between meaning and form. We follow these motifs with a concrete list of augmentation frameworks that have been developed for text data. Deep Learning generally struggles with the measurement of generalization and characterization of overfitting. We highlight studies that cover how augmentations can construct test sets for generalization. NLP is at an early stage in applying Data Augmentation compared to Computer Vision. We highlight the key differences and promising ideas that have yet to be tested in NLP. For the sake of practical implementation, we describe tools that facilitate Data Augmentation such as the use of consistency regularization, controllers, and offline and online augmentation pipelines, to preview a few. Finally, we discuss interesting topics around Data Augmentation in NLP such as task-specific augmentations, the use of prior knowledge in self-supervised learning versus Data Augmentation, intersections with transfer and multi-task learning, and ideas for AI-GAs (AI-Generating Algorithms). We hope this paper inspires further research interest in Text Data Augmentation.

Digital Twin: Values, Challenges and Enablers From a Modeling Perspective

Adil Rasheed, Omer San, Trond Kvamsdal · IEEE Access · 2020 · 1,660 citations

Digital twin can be defined as a virtual representation of a physical asset enabled through data and simulators for real-time prediction, optimization, monitoring, controlling, and improved decision making. Recent advances in computational pipelines, multiphysics solvers, artificial intelligence, big data cybernetics, data processing and management tools bring the promise of digital twins and their impact on society closer to reality. Digital twinning is now an important and emerging trend in many applications. Also referred to as a computational megamodel, device shadow, mirrored system, avatar or a synchronized virtual prototype, there can be no doubt that a digital twin plays a transformative role not only in how we design and operate cyber-physical intelligent systems, but also in how we advance the modularity of multi-disciplinary systems to tackle fundamental barriers not addressed by the current, evolutionary modeling practices. In this work, we review the recent status of methodologies and techniques related to the construction of digital twins mostly from a modeling perspective. Our aim is to provide a detailed coverage of the current challenges and enabling technologies along with recommendations and reflections for various stakeholders.

Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics

Robert Gentleman, Vincent J. Carey, Douglas M. Bates +22 more · Genome biology · 2004 · 12,503 citations

The Bioconductor project is an initiative for the collaborative creation of extensible software for computational biology and bioinformatics. The goals of the project include: fostering collaborative development and widespread use of innovative software, reducing barriers to entry into interdisciplinary scientific research, and promoting the achievement of remote reproducibility of research results. We describe details of our aims and methods, identify current challenges, compare Bioconductor to other open bioinformatics projects, and provide working examples.

2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias

Alberico L. Catapano, Ian Graham, Guy De Backer +15 more · Atherosclerosis · 2016 · 1,583 citations

Metaverse marketing: How the metaverse will shape the future of consumer research and practice

Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Laurie Hughes, Yichuan Wang +25 more · Psychology and Marketing · 2022 · 807 citations

Abstract The initial hype and fanfare from the Meta Platforms view of how the metaverse could be brought to life has evolved into an ongoing discussion of not only the metaverse's impact on users and organizations but also the societal and cultural implications of widespread usage. The potential of consumer interaction with brands within the metaverse has engendered significant debate within the marketing‐focused discourse on the key challenges and transformative opportunities for marketers. Drawing on insights from expert contributors, this study examines the marketing implications of the hypothetical widespread adoption of the metaverse. We identify new research directions and propose a new framework offering valuable contributions for academia, practice, and policy makers. Our future research agenda culminates in a checklist for researchers which clarifies how the metaverse can be beneficial to digital marketing and advertising, branding, services, value creation, and consumer wellbeing.

Mind the Hype: A Critical Evaluation and Prescriptive Agenda for Research on Mindfulness and Meditation

Nicholas T. Van Dam, Marieke K. van Vugt, David R. Vago +12 more · Perspectives on Psychological Science · 2017 · 1,483 citations

During the past two decades, mindfulness meditation has gone from being a fringe topic of scientific investigation to being an occasional replacement for psychotherapy, tool of corporate well-being, widely implemented educational practice, and "key to building more resilient soldiers." Yet the mindfulness movement and empirical evidence supporting it have not gone without criticism. Misinformation and poor methodology associated with past studies of mindfulness may lead public consumers to be harmed, misled, and disappointed. Addressing such concerns, the present article discusses the difficulties of defining mindfulness, delineates the proper scope of research into mindfulness practices, and explicates crucial methodological issues for interpreting results from investigations of mindfulness. For doing so, the authors draw on their diverse areas of expertise to review the present state of mindfulness research, comprehensively summarizing what we do and do not know, while providing a prescriptive agenda for contemplative science, with a particular focus on assessment, mindfulness training, possible adverse effects, and intersection with brain imaging. Our goals are to inform interested scientists, the news media, and the public, to minimize harm, curb poor research practices, and staunch the flow of misinformation about the benefits, costs, and future prospects of mindfulness meditation.

Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions: Empirically Validated Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Laura Schreibman, Géraldine Dawson, Aubyn C. Stahmer +10 more · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · 2015 · 1,349 citations

Earlier autism diagnosis, the importance of early intervention, and development of specific interventions for young children have contributed to the emergence of similar, empirically supported, autism interventions that represent the merging of applied behavioral and developmental sciences. "Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions (NDBI)" are implemented in natural settings, involve shared control between child and therapist, utilize natural contingencies, and use a variety of behavioral strategies to teach developmentally appropriate and prerequisite skills. We describe the development of NDBIs, their theoretical bases, empirical support, requisite characteristics, common features, and suggest future research needs. We wish to bring parsimony to a field that includes interventions with different names but common features thus improving understanding and choice-making among families, service providers and referring agencies.

Benefits of virtual reality based cognitive rehabilitation through simulated activities of daily living: a randomized controlled trial with stroke patients

Ana Lúcia Faria, Andreia Cordeiro Andrade, Luísa Soares +1 more · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · 2016 · 311 citations

BACKGROUND: Stroke is one of the most common causes of acquired disability, leaving numerous adults with cognitive and motor impairments, and affecting patients' capability to live independently. There is substancial evidence on post-stroke cognitive rehabilitation benefits, but its implementation is generally limited by the use of paper-and-pencil methods, insufficient personalization, and suboptimal intensity. Virtual reality tools have shown potential for improving cognitive rehabilitation by supporting carefully personalized, ecologically valid tasks through accessible technologies. Notwithstanding important progress in VR-based cognitive rehabilitation systems, specially with Activities of Daily Living (ADL's) simulations, there is still a need of more clinical trials for its validation. In this work we present a one-month randomized controlled trial with 18 stroke in and outpatients from two rehabilitation units: 9 performing a VR-based intervention and 9 performing conventional rehabilitation. METHODS: The VR-based intervention involved a virtual simulation of a city - Reh@City - where memory, attention, visuo-spatial abilities and executive functions tasks are integrated in the performance of several daily routines. The intervention had levels of difficulty progression through a method of fading cues. There was a pre and post-intervention assessment in both groups with the Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination (primary outcome) and the Trail Making Test A and B, Picture Arrangement from WAIS III and Stroke Impact Scale 3.0 (secondary outcomes). RESULTS: A within groups analysis revealed significant improvements in global cognitive functioning, attention, memory, visuo-spatial abilities, executive functions, emotion and overall recovery in the VR group. The control group only improved in self-reported memory and social participation. A between groups analysis, showed significantly greater improvements in global cognitive functioning, attention and executive functions when comparing VR to conventional therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that cognitive rehabilitation through the Reh@City, an ecologically valid VR system for the training of ADL's, has more impact than conventional methods. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was not registered because it is a small sample study that evaluates the clinical validity of a prototype virtual reality system.

2013 Classification Criteria for Systemic Sclerosis: An American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Collaborative Initiative

F.H.J. van den Hoogen, Dinesh Khanna, Jaap Fransen +41 more · Arthritis & Rheumatism · 2013 · 3,379 citations

OBJECTIVE: The 1980 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for systemic sclerosis (SSc) lack sensitivity for early SSc and limited cutaneous SSc. The present work, by a joint committee of the ACR and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR), was undertaken for the purpose of developing new classification criteria for SSc. METHODS: Using consensus methods, 23 candidate items were arranged in a multicriteria additive point system with a threshold to classify cases as SSc. The classification system was reduced by clustering items and simplifying weights. The system was tested by 1) determining specificity and sensitivity in SSc cases and controls with scleroderma-like disorders, and 2) validating against the combined view of a group of experts on a set of cases with or without SSc. RESULTS: It was determined that skin thickening of the fingers extending proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints is sufficient for the patient to be classified as having SSc; if that is not present, 7 additive items apply, with varying weights for each: skin thickening of the fingers, fingertip lesions, telangiectasia, abnormal nailfold capillaries, interstitial lung disease or pulmonary arterial hypertension, Raynaud's phenomenon, and SSc-related autoantibodies. Sensitivity and specificity in the validation sample were, respectively, 0.91 and 0.92 for the new classification criteria and 0.75 and 0.72 for the 1980 ACR classification criteria. All selected cases were classified in accordance with consensus-based expert opinion. All cases classified as SSc according to the 1980 ACR criteria were classified as SSc with the new criteria, and several additional cases were now considered to be SSc. CONCLUSION: The ACR/EULAR classification criteria for SSc performed better than the 1980 ACR criteria for SSc and should allow for more patients to be classified correctly as having the disease.

Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper

Bartolomé R. Celli, William MacNee, Àlvar Agustí +23 more · European Respiratory Journal · 2004 · 4,428 citations

The Standards for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with COPD document 2004 updates the position papers on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) published by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) in 1995 1, 2. Both societies felt the need to update the previous documents due to the following. 1) The prevalence and overall importance of COPD as a health problem is increasing. 2) There have been enough advances in the field to require an update, especially adapted to the particular needs of the ATS/ERS constituency. 3) It allows for the creation of a “live” modular document based on the web; it should provide healthcare professionals and patients with a user friendly and reliable authoritative source of information. 4) The care of COPD should be comprehensive, is often multidisciplinary and rapidly changing. 5) Both the ATS and the ERS acknowledge the recent dissemination of the Global Initiative of Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 3 as a major worldwide contribution to the battle against COPD. However, some specific requirements of the members of both societies require adaptation of the broad GOLD initiative. Those requirements include specific recommendations on oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, noninvasive ventilation, surgery in and for COPD, sleep, air travel, and end-of-life. In addition, special emphasis has been placed on issues related to the habit of smoking and its control. ### Goals and objectives The main goals of the updated document are to improve the quality of care provided to patients with COPD and to develop the project using a disease-oriented approach. To achieve these goals, both organisations have developed a modular electronic web-based document with two components. 1) A component for health professionals that intends to: raise awareness of COPD; inform on the latest advances in the overall pathogenesis, diagnosis, monitoring and management of COPD; and …

Implementation strategies: recommendations for specifying and reporting

Enola K. Proctor, Byron J. Powell, J. Curtis McMillen · Implementation Science · 2013 · 2,729 citations

Implementation strategies have unparalleled importance in implementation science, as they constitute the 'how to' component of changing healthcare practice. Yet, implementation researchers and other stakeholders are not able to fully utilize the findings of studies focusing on implementation strategies because they are often inconsistently labelled and poorly described, are rarely justified theoretically, lack operational definitions or manuals to guide their use, and are part of 'packaged' approaches whose specific elements are poorly understood. We address the challenges of specifying and reporting implementation strategies encountered by researchers who design, conduct, and report research on implementation strategies. Specifically, we propose guidelines for naming, defining, and operationalizing implementation strategies in terms of seven dimensions: actor, the action, action targets, temporality, dose, implementation outcomes addressed, and theoretical justification. Ultimately, implementation strategies cannot be used in practice or tested in research without a full description of their components and how they should be used. As with all intervention research, their descriptions must be precise enough to enable measurement and 'reproducibility.' We propose these recommendations to improve the reporting of implementation strategies in research studies and to stimulate further identification of elements pertinent to implementation strategies that should be included in reporting guidelines for implementation strategies.

The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory

Therese Mahoney, Margaret Halliday, Adams +97 more · Journal of the American Medical Association · 1950 · 4,249 citations

The author has attempted to combine present day knowledge of physiology and psychology into a comprehensive theory of thought and emotion to explain the nature of consciousness in physicobiologic terms. The theory is based in considerable part on the variable effect and oftentimes apparent lack of effect which major brain operations have on intelligence and behavior. The concept of the author is that any frequently repeated particular stimulation leads to a slow development of a "cell-assembly" in the cortex and diencephalon and perhaps in the basal ganglions of the brain capable of acting briefly as a closed system which can deliver facilitation to other such systems and having, usually, a specific motor facilitation. A series of such events constitutes a "phase sequence" equivalent to thought process. The process described is considered essential to adult waking behavior. An alternate intrinsic organization is believed to occur during sleep and in infancy which

Adapted large language models can outperform medical experts in clinical text summarization

Dave Van Veen, Cara Van Uden, Louis Blankemeier +16 more · Nature Medicine · 2024 · 627 citations

Burnout and Work Engagement: The JD–R Approach

Arnold B. Bakker, Evangelia Demerouti, Ana Isabel Sanz‐Vergel · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · 2014 · 2,310 citations

Whereas burnout refers to a state of exhaustion and cynicism toward work, engagement is defined as a positive motivational state of vigor, dedication, and absorption. In this article, we discuss the main definitions and conceptualizations of both concepts used in the literature. In addition, we review the most important antecedents of burnout and work engagement by examining situational and individual predictors. We also review the possible consequences of burnout and engagement and integrate the research findings using job demands–resources theory. Although both burnout and work engagement are related to important job-related outcomes, burnout seems to be more strongly related to health outcomes, whereas work engagement is more strongly related to motivational outcomes. We discuss daily and momentary fluctuations in burnout and work engagement as possibilities for future research.

Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia

Katya Rascovsky, John R. Hodges, David S. Knopman +43 more · Brain · 2011 · 5,246 citations

Based on the recent literature and collective experience, an international consortium developed revised guidelines for the diagnosis of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. The validation process retrospectively reviewed clinical records and compared the sensitivity of proposed and earlier criteria in a multi-site sample of patients with pathologically verified frontotemporal lobar degeneration. According to the revised criteria, 'possible' behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia requires three of six clinically discriminating features (disinhibition, apathy/inertia, loss of sympathy/empathy, perseverative/compulsive behaviours, hyperorality and dysexecutive neuropsychological profile). 'Probable' behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia adds functional disability and characteristic neuroimaging, while behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia 'with definite frontotemporal lobar degeneration' requires histopathological confirmation or a pathogenic mutation. Sixteen brain banks contributed cases meeting histopathological criteria for frontotemporal lobar degeneration and a clinical diagnosis of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies or vascular dementia at presentation. Cases with predominant primary progressive aphasia or extra-pyramidal syndromes were excluded. In these autopsy-confirmed cases, an experienced neurologist or psychiatrist ascertained clinical features necessary for making a diagnosis according to previous and proposed criteria at presentation. Of 137 cases where features were available for both proposed and previously established criteria, 118 (86%) met 'possible' criteria, and 104 (76%) met criteria for 'probable' behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. In contrast, 72 cases (53%) met previously established criteria for the syndrome (P < 0.001 for comparison with 'possible' and 'probable' criteria). Patients who failed to meet revised criteria were significantly older and most had atypical presentations with marked memory impairment. In conclusion, the revised criteria for behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia improve diagnostic accuracy compared with previously established criteria in a sample with known frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Greater sensitivity of the proposed criteria may reflect the optimized diagnostic features, less restrictive exclusion features and a flexible structure that accommodates different initial clinical presentations. Future studies will be needed to establish the reliability and specificity of these revised diagnostic guidelines.

Practical and ethical challenges of large language models in education: A systematic scoping review

Lixiang Yan, Lele Sha, Linxuan Zhao +6 more · British Journal of Educational Technology · 2023 · 648 citations

Abstract Educational technology innovations leveraging large language models (LLMs) have shown the potential to automate the laborious process of generating and analysing textual content. While various innovations have been developed to automate a range of educational tasks (eg, question generation, feedback provision, and essay grading), there are concerns regarding the practicality and ethicality of these innovations. Such concerns may hinder future research and the adoption of LLMs‐based innovations in authentic educational contexts. To address this, we conducted a systematic scoping review of 118 peer‐reviewed papers published since 2017 to pinpoint the current state of research on using LLMs to automate and support educational tasks. The findings revealed 53 use cases for LLMs in automating education tasks, categorised into nine main categories: profiling/labelling, detection, grading, teaching support, prediction, knowledge representation, feedback, content generation, and recommendation. Additionally, we also identified several practical and ethical challenges, including low technological readiness, lack of replicability and transparency and insufficient privacy and beneficence considerations. The findings were summarised into three recommendations for future studies, including updating existing innovations with state‐of‐the‐art models (eg, GPT‐3/4), embracing the initiative of open‐sourcing models/systems, and adopting a human‐centred approach throughout the developmental process. As the intersection of AI and education is continuously evolving, the findings of this study can serve as an essential reference point for researchers, allowing them to leverage the strengths, learn from the limitations, and uncover potential research opportunities enabled by ChatGPT and other generative AI models. Practitioner notes What is currently known about this topic Generating and analysing text‐based content are time‐consuming and laborious tasks. Large language models are capable of efficiently analysing an unprecedented amount of textual content and completing complex natural language processing and generation tasks. Large language models have been increasingly used to develop educational technologies that aim to automate the generation and analysis of textual content, such as automated question generation and essay scoring. What this paper adds A comprehensive list of different educational tasks that could potentially benefit from LLMs‐based innovations through automation. A structured assessment of the practicality and ethicality of existing LLMs‐based innovations from seven important aspects using established frameworks. Three recommendations that could potentially support future studies to develop LLMs‐based innovations that are practical and ethical to implement in authentic educational contexts. Implications for practice and/or policy Updating existing innovations with state‐of‐the‐art models may further reduce the amount of manual effort required for adapting existing models to different educational tasks. The reporting standards of empirical research that aims to develop educational technologies using large language models need to be improved. Adopting a human‐centred approach throughout the developmental process could contribute to resolving the practical and ethical challenges of large language models in education.

International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development

Michael F. Bergeron, Margo Mountjoy, Neil Armstrong +15 more · British Journal of Sports Medicine · 2015 · 852 citations

The health, fitness and other advantages of youth sports participation are well recognised. However, there are considerable challenges for all stakeholders involved-especially youth athletes-in trying to maintain inclusive, sustainable and enjoyable participation and success for all levels of individual athletic achievement. In an effort to advance a more unified, evidence-informed approach to youth athlete development, the IOC critically evaluated the current state of science and practice of youth athlete development and presented recommendations for developing healthy, resilient and capable youth athletes, while providing opportunities for all levels of sport participation and success. The IOC further challenges all youth and other sport governing bodies to embrace and implement these recommended guiding principles.

Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-related Infections

Naomi P. O’Grady, Mary Alexander, Lillian A. Burns +11 more · Clinical Infectious Diseases · 2011 · 4,644 citations

These guidelines have been developed for healthcare personnel who insert intravascular catheters and for persons responsible for surveillance and control of infections in hospital, outpatient, and home healthcare settings. This report was prepared by a working group comprising members from professional organizations representing the disciplines of critical care medicine, infectious diseases, healthcare infection control, surgery, anesthesiology, interventional

A Multitask, Multilingual, Multimodal Evaluation of ChatGPT on Reasoning, Hallucination, and Interactivity

Yejin Bang, Samuel Cahyawijaya, Nayeon Lee +10 more · 2023 · 610 citations

Yejin Bang, Samuel Cahyawijaya, Nayeon Lee, Wenliang Dai, Dan Su, Bryan Wilie, Holy Lovenia, Ziwei Ji, Tiezheng Yu, Willy Chung, Quyet V. Do, Yan Xu, Pascale Fung. Proceedings of the 13th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing and the 3rd Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2023.

Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

and Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Endorsed by the following societies, European Society of Emergency Medicine (EuSEM) +87 more · European Heart Journal · 2009 · 2,046 citations

The ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were arrived at after careful consideration of the available evidence at the time they were written. Health professionals are encouraged to take them fully into account when exercising their clinical judgement. The guidelines do not, however, override the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate decisions in the circumstances of the individual patients, in consultation with that patient, and where appropriate and necessary the patient's guardian or carer. It is also the health professional's responsibility to verify the rules and regulations applicable to drugs and devices at the time of prescription.

Six Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence Grand Challenges

Özlem Özmen Garibay, Brent Winslow, Salvatore Andolina +23 more · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · 2023 · 419 citations

This paper identifies six grand challenges for developing AI that is ethical, fair, and enhances human well-being, but it does not report any experimental data, effect sizes, or testable interventions — it is a consensus-based position paper, not a study you can directly replicate in a self-experiment.

The Musicality of Non-Musicians: An Index for Assessing Musical Sophistication in the General Population

Daniel Müllensiefen, Bruno Gingras, Jason Musil +1 more · PLoS ONE · 2014 · 1,173 citations

Musical skills and expertise vary greatly in Western societies. Individuals can differ in their repertoire of musical behaviours as well as in the level of skill they display for any single musical behaviour. The types of musical behaviours we refer to here are broad, ranging from performance on an instrument and listening expertise, to the ability to employ music in functional settings or to communicate about music. In this paper, we first describe the concept of 'musical sophistication' which can be used to describe the multi-faceted nature of musical expertise. Next, we develop a novel measurement instrument, the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index (Gold-MSI) to assess self-reported musical skills and behaviours on multiple dimensions in the general population using a large Internet sample (n = 147,636). Thirdly, we report results from several lab studies, demonstrating that the Gold-MSI possesses good psychometric properties, and that self-reported musical sophistication is associated with performance on two listening tasks. Finally, we identify occupation, occupational status, age, gender, and wealth as the main socio-demographic factors associated with musical sophistication. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical accounts of implicit and statistical music learning and with regard to social conditions of sophisticated musical engagement.